La santé à Albania

Comment fonctionne le système

Albania runs a mixed public health system centred on the Mandatory/Compulsory Health Insurance Fund (ISKSH/MHIF), a single public payer financed by payroll contributions (a 3.4% health-insurance contribution split between employer and employee) and topped up from the state budget - a Bismarck/Beveridge hybrid. The Fund reimburses prescription medicines for the insured and pays for public primary, specialist and hospital care, and contracts some private providers. Entitlement to most publicly financed care is tied to contributing to the Fund, so coverage is incomplete: roughly one third of the population is uninsured. Uninsured people are still entitled to free emergency care, a free annual basic check-up and free GP visits, but out-of-pocket and informal payments are significant. In practice expats and nomads rely heavily on the private sector, concentrated in Tirana.

A well-developed private sector is concentrated in Tirana, where four main private hospitals (American Hospital, Hygeia, German Hospital and Albanian-Italian Salus) plus numerous private clinics provide modern, Western-standard care with English- and Italian-speaking staff and short waiting times (often 1-2 days). This is the usual route for expats and nomads, who pay out of pocket or via international/private health insurance. A private GP or specialist consultation typically costs around 3,000-6,000 ALL (about EUR 30-60). Expat-oriented private/international health plans are commonly cited at roughly EUR 30-150 per month depending on cover; policies including medical evacuation to Italy or Greece are recommended because complex cases may need to be treated abroad and Albania has no air ambulance service.

WHO/Europe's financial-protection review found that financial protection in Albania is weak compared with most European countries: about 12% of households experience catastrophic health spending and roughly 8% are pushed into or deeper into poverty by out-of-pocket payments, with high unmet need for health and dental care. Entitlement to publicly financed care is linked to mandatory-fund contributions, leaving around one third of the population uninsured, and informal payments in public facilities are common. The U.S. Embassy notes ambulance service is limited with long response times and that Albania has no air ambulances.