🧾 Impôts à l'étranger
Impôts des nomades numériques par pays
Le pays où vous devenez résident fiscal — et la façon dont vos revenus étrangers y sont traités — pèse bien plus que le visa lui-même. Un aperçu factuel, avec le seuil en jours pour chaque pays.
Le pays où vous devenez résident fiscal compte généralement plus que le visa que vous détenez. Une fois le seuil de résidence franchi — souvent autour de 183 jours par an, mais cela varie —, un pays peut imposer l'ensemble de vos revenus mondiaux, et pas seulement ce que vous gagnez sur place.
Le tableau ci-dessous restitue, d'après les sources officielles, la manière dont chaque pays traite les revenus de source étrangère pour le titulaire de son permis nomade, ainsi que tout régime spécial et le nombre de jours qui déclenche habituellement la résidence. C'est une orientation, pas un conseil : les conséquences réelles dépendent des conventions fiscales, de la source de vos revenus et de votre situation personnelle. La fiscalité est le sujet le plus lourd de conséquences que nous traitons : confirmez auprès d'un fiscaliste spécialisé en mobilité internationale avant d'agir. Associez-la au guide visa de chaque pays pour avoir une vue complète.
| Pays | Traitement fiscal des revenus étrangers | Régime spécial | Seuil de résidence fiscale |
|---|---|---|---|
| Albania | Régime fiscal spécial | 12-month digital-nomad non-residence exemption (Law 25/2022, as amended; PE protection reinforced by Law 36/2023) | 183 jours/an |
| Antigua and Barbuda | Pas d'impôt sur le revenu | — | — |
| Argentina | Imposition territoriale | — | — |
| Barbados | Revenus étrangers exonérés | Remote Employment Act, 2020-23 (Welcome Stamp non-resident treatment) | — |
| Brazil | Imposition résident standard | — | 183 jours/an |
| Cape Verde | Revenus étrangers exonérés | Remote Working Program tax exemption (foreign-source income) | 183 jours/an |
| Colombia | Imposition territoriale | — | 183 jours/an |
| Costa Rica | Revenus étrangers exonérés | Ley 10008 incentivos fiscales | — |
| Croatia | Revenus étrangers exonérés | Digital nomad exemption, Income Tax Act Art. 9(1)(26) | 183 jours/an |
| Curacao | Revenus étrangers exonérés | — | — |
| Cyprus | Imposition résident standard | Possible non-dom regime | 183 jours/an |
| Czech Republic | Imposition résident standard | Flat-rate (paušální daň) for OSVČ | 183 jours/an |
| Dominican Republic | Imposition territoriale | Law 171-07 incentives (Pensionado/Rentista) + general territorial regime | 182 jours/an |
| Ecuador | Régime fiscal spécial | Residencia fiscal temporal (temporary tax-residency regime for new residents) | 183 jours/an |
| Estonia | Imposition résident standard | — | 183 jours/an |
| Georgia | Imposition territoriale | Individual Entrepreneur (Small Business Status, 1% turnover tax) | 183 jours/an |
| Germany | Imposition résident standard | — | 183 jours/an |
| Greece | Imposition résident standard | — | 183 jours/an |
| Grenada | Revenus étrangers exonérés | Remote Employment Act tax exemption (s.9) + statutory non-residence (s.10) | — |
| Hungary | Imposition résident standard | — | 183 jours/an |
| Iceland | À vérifier au cas par cas | — | 183 jours/an |
| Indonesia | Imposition résident standard | — | 183 jours/an |
| Italy | Imposition résident standard | — | 183 jours/an |
| Japan | Revenus étrangers exonérés | — | 183 jours/an |
| Kenya | Imposition résident standard | — | 183 jours/an |
| Latvia | Régime fiscal spécial | Optional 15% PIT for OECD digital-nomad-visa holders | 183 jours/an |
| Malaysia | Imposition territoriale | — | 182 jours/an |
| Malta | Régime fiscal spécial | Nomad Residence Permits (Income Tax) Rules (S.L. 123.210) | 183 jours/an |
| Mauritius | Revenus étrangers exonérés | Remittance basis (Premium Visa holders) | 183 jours/an |
| Mexico | Imposition résident standard | — | — |
| Montenegro | Revenus étrangers exonérés | Digital-nomad foreign-income exemption (Personal Income Tax Law; commonly cited as Art. 32d) | 183 jours/an |
| Namibia | Imposition territoriale | — | — |
| Netherlands | Imposition résident standard | Possible 30% ruling (if eligible) | 183 jours/an |
| Norway | Imposition résident standard | — | 183 jours/an |
| Panama | Imposition territoriale | — | 183 jours/an |
| Philippines | Imposition territoriale | — | 180 jours/an |
| Portugal | Imposition résident standard | — | 183 jours/an |
| Romania | Revenus étrangers exonérés | Digital nomad tax exemption (Law no. 69/2023) | 183 jours/an |
| Serbia | Imposition résident standard | Flat-rate entrepreneur (preduzetnik pausalac) regime commonly used by remote workers; otherwise standard personal income tax | 183 jours/an |
| Seychelles | Imposition territoriale | — | 183 jours/an |
| Slovenia | Imposition résident standard | — | 183 jours/an |
| South Africa | Imposition résident standard | — | 183 jours/an |
| South Korea | Imposition résident standard | — | 183 jours/an |
| Spain | Régime fiscal spécial | Régimen especial para trabajadores desplazados a territorio español (art. 93 LIRPF, 'Beckham regime') – optional | 183 jours/an |
| Sri Lanka | Imposition résident standard | — | 183 jours/an |
| Taiwan | Régime fiscal spécial | Tax incentives for foreign special professionals (Art. 20, Act for the Recruitment and Employment of Foreign Professionals) | 183 jours/an |
| Thailand | Imposition résident standard | — | 180 jours/an |
| Turkey | Imposition résident standard | — | 183 jours/an |
| United Arab Emirates | Pas d'impôt sur le revenu | — | — |
| Uruguay | Imposition territoriale | Sistema de fuente territorial (IRPF/IRNR); optional new-resident tax holiday for those who become tax residents | 183 jours/an |
Le « traitement fiscal » décrit la façon dont le pays traite les revenus de source étrangère pour un résident titulaire de ce permis ; le seuil de résidence est le nombre de jours qui fait généralement de vous un résident fiscal. Les deux sont des points de départ, pas l'ensemble du tableau — les conséquences dépendent des conventions fiscales, de la source de vos revenus et de votre situation personnelle. Ouvrez un guide pays pour le détail et les sources officielles derrière chaque chiffre.
Traitement fiscal par pays
Questions fréquentes
Quand deviens-je résident fiscal à l'étranger ?
En général dès que vous passez plus d'environ 183 jours dans un pays sur une année, même si certains retiennent un seuil plus bas ou d'autres critères, comme le fait d'y avoir un foyer permanent ou le centre de vos intérêts vitaux. La colonne du seuil indique le nombre de jours par pays.
Les visas nomades numériques s'accompagnent-ils d'avantages fiscaux ?
Certains, oui — quelques-uns offrent un taux forfaitaire, une exonération des revenus étrangers ou un régime spécial — mais beaucoup font simplement de vous un résident fiscal ordinaire. La colonne « régime spécial » signale les pays qui en proposent un.
Serai-je imposé deux fois sur le même revenu ?
Une convention de non-double imposition entre votre pays d'origine et votre pays d'accueil évite généralement de payer l'impôt en entier deux fois, mais vous devrez peut-être tout de même déclarer dans les deux. C'est le domaine où un conseil professionnel est le plus rentable.
Quitter mon pays d'origine met-il fin à mes obligations fiscales là-bas ?
Pas automatiquement. Plusieurs pays — et tous les citoyens américains, où qu'ils vivent — continuent de vous imposer tant que vous n'avez pas formellement rompu votre résidence. Vérifiez les règles des deux côtés avant de partir.
Est-ce un conseil fiscal ?
Non. Tout ce qui figure ici est une orientation factuelle restituée d'après des sources officielles. Votre situation est particulière : confirmez auprès d'un conseiller fiscal qualifié en mobilité internationale avant de vous y fier.
Continuer à préparer
Sources
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